![]() ![]() Right images are video snapshots before and after an attack with blunt forceps (scale bar: 10 mm). abbottii displaying an eyespot while thrashing and vocalizing (scale bar: 2 mm). ![]() (b) In other species e.g., Sphecodina abbottii (Sphingidae), sounds are not associated with a chemical defence and are proposed to function as a startle display. Bottom panel: Temporal relationship between sound production and chemical release in five pinch trials showing that sound production typically precedes or accompanies the chemical defence (S+ Presence of sound C+ Presence of chemical). ![]() The waveform in the box below is a 250 ms segment from the trace showing one expanded click unit comprising two pulses. Middle panel: Sound waveform (10 s in duration) shows click trains following two successive attacks (arrows). Right images are video snapshots of an individual being attacked with blunt forceps and subsequent regurgitation (scale bar: 10 mm). polyphemus regurgitating following sound production (scale bar: 2 mm). Different sound types may convey different messages to predators.: (a) In some species, e.g., Antheraea polyphemus (Saturniidae), sound production is closely associated with a chemical defence, and proposed to function as a warning (aposematic) signal. ![]()
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